Chilled ammonia based co2 capture system with water wash system

ABSTRACT

A method and system for reducing an amount of ammonia in a flue gas stream. The system  100  includes: a wash vessel  180  for receiving an ammonia-containing flue gas stream  170 , the wash vessel  180  including a first absorption stage  181   a  and a second absorption stage  181   b , each of the first absorption stage  181   a  and the second absorption stage  181   b  having a mass transfer device  184 ; and a liquid  187  introduced to the wash vessel  180 , the liquid  187  for absorbing ammonia from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream  170  thereby forming an ammonia-rich liquid  192  and a reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream  190  exiting the wash vessel  180.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 61/102,137 filed on Oct. 2, 2008 and U.S. provisional application No. 61/102,217 filed on Oct. 2, 2008, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD

The disclosed subject matter relates to a system and method for removing carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ammonia (NH₃) from a flue gas stream. More specifically, the disclosed subject matter relates to a system and method employing a multi-stage wash vessel for removing ammonia from a flue gas stream that has been subjected to a CO₂ removal system and process.

BACKGROUND

Most of the energy used in the world is derived from the combustion of carbon and hydrogen-containing fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. In addition to carbon and hydrogen, these fuels contain oxygen, moisture and contaminants such as ash, sulfur (often in the form of sulfur oxides, referred to as “SOx”), nitrogen compounds (often in the form of nitrogen oxides, referred to as “NOx”), chlorine, mercury, and other trace elements. Awareness regarding the damaging effects of the contaminants released during combustion triggers the enforcement of ever more stringent limits on emissions from power plants, refineries and other industrial processes. There is an increased pressure on operators of such plants to achieve near zero emission of contaminants.

Numerous processes and systems have been developed in response to the desire to achieve near zero emission of contaminants. Systems and processes include, but are not limited to desulfurization systems (known as wet flue gas desulfurization “WFGD” and dry flue gas desulfurization “DFGD”), particulate filters (including, for example, bag houses, particulate collectors, and the like), as well as the use of one or more sorbents that absorb contaminants from the flue gas. Examples of sorbents include, but are not limited to, activated carbon, ammonia, limestone, and the like.

It has been shown that ammonia efficiently removes CO₂, as well as other contaminants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and hydrogen chloride (HCl), from a flue gas stream. In one particular application, absorption and removal of CO₂ from a flue gas stream with ammonia is conducted at a low temperature, for example, between 0 and 20 degrees Celsius (0°-20° C.). To safeguard the efficiency of the system, and to comply with emission standards, maintenance of the ammonia within the flue gas stream treatment system is desired.

SUMMARY

According to aspects illustrated herein, there is provided a system for reducing an amount of ammonia in a flue gas stream, the system comprising: a wash vessel for receiving an ammonia-containing flue gas stream, the wash vessel including a first absorption stage and a second absorption stage, each of the first absorption stage and the second absorption stage having a mass transfer device; and a liquid introduced to the wash vessel, the liquid for absorbing ammonia from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream thereby forming an ammonia-rich liquid and a reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream exiting the wash vessel.

According to other aspects illustrated herein, there is provided a system for reducing an amount of ammonia in a flue gas stream, the system comprising: an absorbing system having one or more absorbers to absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂) from a cooled flue gas stream having a temperature below ambient temperature, the absorbing system operates at a temperature between 0° and 20° Celsius, wherein at least a portion of the CO₂ is absorbed by an ammoniated solution or slurry thereby producing an ammonia-containing flue gas stream; and a wash vessel configured to receive at least a portion of the ammonia-containing flue gas stream, the wash vessel includes one or more absorption stages, each of the one or more absorption stages having a spray head system and a mass transfer device selected from random packing material, hydrophilic packing material, and structural packing, wherein the spray head system directs a liquid in a direction countercurrent to a direction of the ammonia-containing flue gas stream, the liquid absorbing ammonia from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream and thereby forming an ammonia-rich liquid and a reduced-ammonia flue gas stream, whereby at least a portion of ammonia present in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream is removed from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream in the one or more absorption stages of the wash vessel.

According to other aspects illustrated herein, there is provided a method of reducing an amount of ammonia from a flue gas stream, the method comprising: introducing a cooled flue gas stream having a temperature below ambient temperature to an absorbing system, wherein the absorbing system operates at a temperature between 0° and 20° Celsius; contacting the cooled flue gas stream in the absorbing system with an ammoniated slurry or solution, wherein the ammoniated slurry or solution removes carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the cooled flue gas stream thereby forming an ammonia-containing flue gas stream; and introducing at least a portion of the ammonia-containing flue gas stream to a wash vessel, the wash vessel having one or more absorption stages to absorb ammonia from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream thereby reducing an amount of ammonia in a flue gas stream exiting the wash vessel.

The above described and other features are exemplified by the following figures and detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the figures, which are exemplary embodiments, and wherein the like elements are numbered alike:

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a system used to reduce an amount of CO₂ and ammonia present in a flue gas stream.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of one embodiment of an absorbing system utilized in the system depicted in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of one embodiment of a wash vessel utilized in the system depicted in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, a system 100 for reducing an amount of ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) present in a flue gas stream includes several devices and processes for removing a variety of contaminants from a flue gas stream 120 generated by combustion of a fuel in a furnace 122. As shown in FIG. 1, system 100 includes an absorbing system 130 to absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the flue gas stream 120 and, in one embodiment, a cooled flue gas stream 140.

Cooled flue gas stream 140 is generated by passing the flue gas stream 120 generated by the combustion of a fuel in a furnace 122 to a cooling system 142. Before introduction to the cooling system 142, flue gas stream 120 may undergo treatment to remove contaminants therefrom, such as, for example, a flue gas desulfurization process and particulate collector, (not shown).

Cooling system 142 may be any system that can produce cooled flue gas stream 140, and may include, as shown in FIG. 1, a direct contact cooler 144, one or more cooling towers 146 and one or more chillers 148, that wash and/or scrub the flue gas stream 120, capture contaminants, and/or lower the moisture content of the flue gas stream. However, it is contemplated that cooling system 142 may include less or more devices than are shown in FIG. 1.

In one embodiment, the cooled flue gas stream 140 has a temperature that is lower than the ambient temperature. In one example, cooled flue gas stream 140 may have a temperature between about zero degrees Celsius and about twenty degrees Celsius (0° C.-20° C.). In another embodiment, the cooled flue gas stream 140 may have a temperature between about zero degrees Celsius and about ten degrees Celsius (0° C.-10° C.).

As shown in FIG. 1, cooling system 142 is in communication with the absorbing system 130. It is contemplated that the cooling system 142 may be in direct communication with the absorbing system 130, i.e., there are no additional processes or devices between the cooling system and the absorbing system. Alternatively, the cooling system 142 may be in indirect communication with the absorbing system 130, i.e., there may be additional processes or devices between the cooling system and the absorbing system, such as, but not limited to, particulate collectors, mist eliminators, and the like.

Absorbing system 130 facilitates the absorption of CO₂ from the cooled flue gas stream 140 by contacting the cooled flue gas stream with an ammoniated solution or slurry 150. Ammoniated solution or slurry 150 may include dissolved ammonia and CO₂ species in a water solution and may also include precipitated solids of ammonium bicarbonate.

In one embodiment, absorbing system 130 includes a first absorber 132 and a second absorber 134. However, it is contemplated that absorbing system 130 may include more or less absorbers as illustrated in FIG. 1. Additionally, it is contemplated that first absorber 132 and/or second absorber 134 may have one or more stages therein for absorbing CO₂ from the cooled flue gas stream 140.

The ammoniated solution or slurry 150 introduced to the absorbing system 130 may be recycled and/or provided by a regeneration tower 160. As shown in FIG. 1, ammoniated solution or slurry 150 may be introduced to the absorbing system 130 at a location within the first absorber 132, however it is contemplated that the ammoniated solution or slurry may also be introduced at a location within the second absorber 134 or any of the absorbers present in the absorbing system 130. Regeneration tower 160 is in direct or indirect communication with absorbing system 130.

As shown in more detail in FIG. 2, ammoniated slurry or solution 150 is introduced to absorbing system 130, e.g., in first absorber 132 or second absorber 134, in a direction A that is countercurrent to a flow B of cooled flue gas stream 140. As the ammoniated slurry or solution 150 contacts cooled flue gas stream 140, CO₂ present in the cooled flue gas stream is absorbed and removed therefrom, thereby forming a CO₂-rich stream 152. At least a portion of the resulting CO₂-rich stream 152 is transported from the absorbing system 130 to regeneration tower 160.

It is contemplated that either a portion or all of CO₂ rich stream 152 may be transferred to regeneration tower 160. As shown in FIG. 1, at least a portion of CO₂-rich stream 152 may pass through a buffer tank 162, a high pressure pump 164 and a heat exchanger 166 prior to being introduced to regeneration tower 160. In one embodiment, a separate portion of the CO₂-rich stream 152 may be passed from absorbing system 130 through a heat exchanger 168 where it is cooled prior to being returned to the absorbing system. Heat exchanger 168 is in communication with a cooling system 169. As shown in FIG. 1, the cooling system 169 may have a direct contact chiller 169 a as well as a cooling tower 169 b; however, it is recognized the cooling system 169 may have more or less devices than what is illustrated herein. The CO₂-rich stream 152 is cooled prior to it being introduced into the absorbing system 130 with the ammoniated solution or slurry 150.

Additionally, while not shown in FIG. 1 or 2, it is also contemplated that the portion of the CO₂-rich stream 152 may be transferred directly to the regeneration tower 160 without passing through the buffer tank 162, the high pressure pump 164 and the heat exchanger 166.

Regeneration tower 160 regenerates the CO₂-rich stream 152 to form the ammoniated slurry or solution 150 that is introduced to the absorbing system 130. Regeneration tower 160 facilitates the regeneration of used ammoniated solution or slurry, i.e., the CO₂-rich stream 152, which has been through the absorbing system 130 and removed CO₂. Regeneration is performed by providing heat at the bottom of the regeneration tower 160. Regeneration of the CO₂-rich stream 152 is also performed at high pressure.

The capacity of the ammoniated solution or slurry 150 to absorb CO₂ from the cooled flue gas stream 140 depends on, e.g., the ammonia concentration in the ammoniated solution or slurry, the NH3/CO₂ mole ratio, and the temperature and pressure of the absorbing system 130. In one embodiment, the NH3/CO₂ mole ratio for absorption of CO₂ is between about 1.0 and about 4.0. In another embodiment, the NH3/CO₂ mole ratio for absorption of CO₂ is between about 1.0 and about 3.0. Additionally, in one embodiment, the absorbing system 130 operates at a low temperature, particularly at a temperature less than about twenty degrees Celsius (20° C.). In one embodiment, the absorbing system 130 operates at a temperature between about zero degrees Celsius and about twenty degrees Celsius (0° and 20° C.). In another embodiment, the absorbing system 130 operates at a temperature between about zero degrees Celsius and about ten degrees Celsius (0° and 10° C.).

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, and discussed above, after cooled flue gas stream 140 contacts ammoniated solution or slurry 150, CO₂-rich stream 152 is formed, as well as an ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170. Typically, the concentration of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 will vary depending on the system, the amount of ammoniated solution or slurry 150 introduced to the absorbing system 130, and the amount of the CO₂ present in the cooled flue gas stream 140, and therefore, the ammonia-containing flue gas stream may contain any concentration of ammonia. In one embodiment, the concentration of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 may be between about five hundred parts per million (500 ppm) and about thirty thousand parts per million (30,000 ppm).

It is contemplated that the concentration of ammonia present in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 may be measured. For example, the ammonia concentration in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 may be measured by, for example, a dragger tube or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). While not shown, the amount or concentration of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 may be measured at any point prior to its introduction to a wash vessel 180. Measurement of the amount or concentration of the ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 may assist the operator of system 100 in removing or reducing the amount of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream.

As shown in FIG. 1, ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 is introduced to the wash vessel 180. In one embodiment, wash vessel 180 reduces an amount of ammonia present in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 and forms a reduced ammonia-containing flue gas stream 190. However, it is contemplated that wash vessel 180 may be used in conjunction with other systems and methods that generate a flue gas stream containing ammonia, i.e., the wash vessel may be used in a system that does not contain absorbing system 130 and/or cooling system 142.

The reduced ammonia-containing flue gas stream 190 may be released to the environment. The reduced ammonia-containing flue gas stream 190 may be directly released to the environment from wash vessel 180. However, it is contemplated that the reduced ammonia-containing flue gas stream may be further processed prior to being emitted to the environment, for example, it may be washed in an acidic solution to further reduce contaminant content. Additionally, and while not shown in FIG. 1, it is contemplated that the amount of ammonia present in the reduced ammonia-containing flue gas stream 190 may be measured after the reduced ammonia-containing flue gas stream exits the wash vessel 180.

In one embodiment, wash vessel 180 is configured to accept ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170. As shown in FIG. 3, wash vessel 180 may have an opening 182 at a bottom of the wash vessel that allows the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 to flow into the wash vessel. While the opening 182 is shown at the bottom of the wash vessel 180, it is contemplated that the opening may be at any point in the wash vessel and may vary from system to system depending on the application.

Wash vessel 180 may have one or more absorption stages, shown generally at 181, to absorb ammonia from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170. In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, wash vessel 180 includes two absorption stages, a first absorption stage 181 a and a second absorption stage 181 b. The wash vessel 180 is not limited in this regard as it is contemplated that the wash vessel may have more or less absorption stages. Each of the absorption stages 181, e.g., first and second absorption stages 181 a and 181 b, may include a mass transfer device 184, a spray head system 186 and a liquid delivery path 188.

The mass transfer device 184 may include packing, such as, for example, random packing, hydrophilic packing, and/or structural packing. Random packing is generally known in the art and refers to packing material introduced to the absorption stage in an un-organized fashion. Examples of random packing include, but are not limited to plastic, metal and/or ceramic packing material offered in different sizes, e.g., material having varying diameters, for example, diameters ranging between about 2.5 centimeters (2.5 cm) to about 7.6 centimeters (7.6 cm) (about 1 inch to about 3 inches). Random packing material is available from many suppliers, including, but not limited to Jaeger Products Inc. (Houston, Tex., United States). Random packing material may also include wood. Hydrophilic packing includes, but is not limited to polypropylene bags.

Structural packing is generally known in the art and refers to packing material that is arranged or organized in a specific fashion. Typically, structural packing is arranged in a manner to force fluids to take a complicated path, thereby creating a large surface area for contact between the liquid and gas. Structural packing includes, but is not limited to structures made of metal, plastic, wood, and the like. It is contemplated that different packing materials facilitate ammonia removal or reduction at different flow rates of a liquid into the wash vessel 180. Additionally, it is contemplated that the different packing materials may provide more suitable pressure drops.

In one embodiment, one of the absorption stages 181 of the wash vessel 180 includes random packing material as the mass transfer device 184 and another of the absorption stages 181 of the wash vessel 180 includes structural packing as the mass transfer device. For example, first absorption stage 181 a may include random packing material as the mass transfer device 184 and second absorption stage 181 b may include structural packing as the mass transfer device. It is contemplated that the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 enters the wash vessel 180 and passes through the second absorption stage 181 b prior to passing through the first absorption stage 181 a.

As shown in FIG. 3, in each of the absorption stages 181, the mass transfer device 184 is located beneath the spray head system 186. Each of the spray head system 186 in wash vessel 180 sprays a liquid 187 into the absorption stages 181. The liquid 187 is transported to the spray head system 186 via the liquid delivery path 188. The liquid delivery path 188 is a conduit that transports the liquid 187 to the spray head system 186. The liquid 187 may be any liquid suitable to facilitate the removal of ammonia from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170. An example of liquid 187 is water, which is known to absorb, i.e., dissolve, ammonia through interactions between the ammonia and the water.

In one particular embodiment, liquid 187 introduced to the first absorption stage 181 a is liquid 187 a, e.g., water provided by a stripping column 194. The liquid 187 provided to the second absorption stage 181 b is liquid 187 b, which is water-containing low concentration ammonia and CO₂ recycled from the bottom of the wash vessel 180 and passed through a heat exchanger 189.

The liquid 187 is introduced at the top of each absorption stage 181, e.g., liquid 181 a is provided to the top of first absorption stage 181 a and liquid 187 b is provided to the top of second absorption stage 181 b, of the wash vessel 180. The liquid 187 travels in a direction C down a length L of the wash vessel 180, which is countercurrent to a direction D that the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 travels up the length L of the wash vessel 180. As will be appreciated, the liquid 187 travels in direction C by virtue of gravity, while the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 travels in direction D by virtue of several factors, including pressure drops within the wash vessel 180.

As the liquid 187 travels in the direction C, it passes through the mass transfer devices 184 in each of the absorption stages 181. Likewise, as the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 travels in direction D, it passes through the mass transfer devices 184 in each of the absorption stages 181.

As the liquid 187 travels in direction C down the length L of the wash vessel 180, the ammonia concentration in the liquid increases, thereby forming an ammonia-rich liquid 192. Conversely, as the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 travels in a direction D up a length, e.g., the length L, of the wash vessel 180, the ammonia concentration in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream decreases thereby forming the reduced ammonia-containing flue gas stream 190.

For example, liquid 187 a is introduced at the top of wash vessel 180 through a spray head system 186 over the first absorption stage 181 a and travels in a direction C down the length L of the wash vessel. The concentration of ammonia present in the liquid 187 a exiting the first absorption stage 181 a is higher than the ammonia concentration of the liquid 187 a entering the first absorption stage 181 a since the liquid has contacted the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 that travels in direction D up the length L of the wash vessel and absorbed ammonia therefrom. In this embodiment, a greater percentage of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 is absorbed by the liquid 187 a that flows from the first absorption stage 181 a to the second absorption stage 181 b as well as the liquid 187 b that provided to the second absorption stage since the ammonia-containing flue gas stream is entering the wash vessel 180 at the bottom is untreated and therefore has the highest concentration of ammonia.

It should be appreciated that the amount of ammonia removed from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170 varies from system to system and application to application. It is contemplated that the system is designed in a manner that the ammonia concentration in the reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream 170 is low and close to an equilibrium concentration of ammonia in the gas relative to the vapor pressure of the ammonia in the liquid. The equilibrium concentration of ammonia in the flue gas stream 170 may be as low as below ten parts per million (10 ppm) and typically in the range of between about zero parts per million (0 ppm) to about two hundred parts per million (200 ppm). In one embodiment, the reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream 190 contains at least about seventy percent (70%) less ammonia as compared to a level of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170. In another embodiment, the reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream 190 contains at least about seventy five percent (75%) less ammonia as compared to a level of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170. In yet a further embodiment, the reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream 190 contains at least about eighty percent (80%) less ammonia as compared to a level of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170. In another embodiment, the reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream 190 contains at least about eighty five (85%) less ammonia as compared to a level of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170. It is contemplated that the level of ammonia in the reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream 190 may be about ninety percent (90%), ninety five percent (95%), ninety nine percent (99%) or ninety nine and a half percent (99.5%) less than the level of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream 170.

A flow rate of liquid 187 suitable to reduce the amount of ammonia in the flue gas varies from system to system. In one embodiment, the flow rate is suitable to reduce an amount of ammonia in the flue gas to an amount close to the equilibrium concentration and typically to below two hundred parts per million (200 ppm) in the flue gas stream. In another embodiment, the flow rate is suitable to reduce an amount of ammonia in the flue gas from about two thousand parts per million (2000 ppm) to between about seventy parts per million and about one hundred parts per million (70-100 ppm). In another embodiment, the flow rate of the liquid 187 is between about 1.8 liters per minute (1.8 lpm, or about 0.5 gallons per minute) to about 7.5 liters per minute (7.5 lpm or about 2 gallons per minute) per one thousand cubic feet per minute (1000 cfm) of flue gas.

Still referring to FIG. 3, the liquid 187 falls to the bottom of the wash vessel 180 and is removed therefrom as ammonia-rich liquid 192. As shown in FIG. 3, in one embodiment, a portion of the ammonia-rich liquid 192 is recycled to the wash vessel 180 as liquid 187 and a portion of the ammonia-rich liquid is sent to the stripping column 194 (shown in FIG. 1). For example, a portion of the ammonia-rich liquid 192 is cooled in a heat exchanger 189 and recycled to second absorption stage 181 b as liquid 187 b. While not illustrated, it is contemplated that a portion of the ammonia-rich liquid 192 may be recycled from the bottom of the wash vessel 180 to first absorption stage 181 a as liquid 187 a. Additionally, while not shown, it is contemplated that the entire amount of the ammonia-rich liquid 192 may be sent to the stripping column 194 and then returned to the wash vessel 180 as liquid 187 a.

Still referring to FIG. 3, the portion of ammonia-rich liquid 192 sent to stripping column 194 is regenerated to form liquid 187 a which is introduced via spray head system 186 in first absorption stage 181 a. In the stripping column 194, the ammonia, as well as other contaminants, such as CO₂, is removed from the ammonia-rich liquid 192 to form the liquid 187 a, which may be water, or water having, for example, trace contaminants of ammonia. When introduced in this manner, the liquid 187 a that is introduced to the first absorption stage 181 a is referred to as “once through liquid” since it is “clean liquid” that has not been recycled from the bottom of the wash vessel 180.

In one embodiment, stripping column 194 utilizes steam to remove ammonia, as well as other contaminants, from the ammonia-rich liquid 192 to form the liquid 187 that will be introduced to the wash vessel 180. However, it is contemplated that stripping column 194 may utilize other technology or techniques in order to remove the ammonia and other contaminants from the ammonia-rich liquid 192. In one embodiment, the stripping column 194 may be operated at vacuum conditions to reduce the temperature of the steam utilized in the stripping column.

While not shown in FIG. 1, it is contemplated that the ammonia removed from ammonia-rich liquid 192 may be re-utilized within system 100. For example, the ammonia may be introduced in the absorbing system 130 as ammoniated solution or slurry 150. However, it is contemplated that the ammonia may be utilized at other points inside and outside of system 100.

The amount of ammonia released to the environment is reduced or substantially eliminated by passing an ammonia-containing flue gas stream through wash vessel 180. The amount of liquid 187 introduced to the various absorption stages 181, e.g., liquid 187 a introduced to the first absorption stage 181 a and liquid 187 b introduced to the second absorption stage 181 b, may be controlled either continually or at predetermined time periods, to some extent by an operator, depending on, for example, the amount or flow of flue gas introduced to the wash vessel, a level of contaminants measured within emission from the system 100, and the like. The ability to control an amount of water used in the system may facilitate the savings of resources and reduce operating expenses.

The following examples illustrate one or more embodiments described herein. The examples are not meant to limit the subject matter disclosed herein, but rather to illustrate one or more of the embodiments.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Four trials (runs 95, 98, 99 and 100) are conducted in a system having a wash vessel that includes 1-inch (2.54 cm) random Jaeger packing (available from Jaeger Products Inc., Houston, Tex., United States) in the first absorption stage 181 a as shown in FIG. 3. A summary of the results is provided in Tables 1-4.

Inlet ammonia concentration of the ammonia-containing flue gas stream entering the wash vessel varies between fifteen hundred and six thousand parts per million (1500-6000 ppm) at a constant gas flow rate. The tests are conducted with a flue gas stream containing ammonia as described above and a CO₂ concentration in the range of 0-2.3 v/v %. Liquid introduced to the wash vessel is water having a temperature between 1-5° C., and the water flow rate is between 2 and 6.5 lpm.

TABLE 1 Trial No. 95 WATER WASH [NH3]g [NH3]g Liquid Gas Water delta Run CO2 inlet^(#) outlet^(#) Flow Flow Temp P WW Time v/v % ppmv ppmv lpm acfm (C.) inch-water min 0 6800 1200-1300 6.5 731 1.7 ~9 ~25 1.9 5500 650 6.5 730 ~9 30 1.9 5000 450 6.5 730-740 1.5 to 2   ~9 39 0 3100 850 ~3 740 1.4 9.2 62 5.82 2000 80 ~3 211 1.3 4.1 80 ~1.9 2000 160 ~3 725 1 to 2 ~9 85 2000 200 ~3 725 1 to 2 ~9 88 ~1.9 2000 110 6.5 707 1 to 2 ~9 98 ^(#)Dragger Tube

TABLE 2 Trial No. 98 WATER WASH [NH3]g [NH3]g Liquid Gas Water delta Run CO2 inlet^(#) outlet^(#) Flow Flow Temp P WW Time v/v % ppmv ppmv lpm acfm (C.) inch-water min 2.4 4000 1596* 5.5 730-740 4-5 9-10 27 2.4 4000 1229* 5.5 730-740 4-5 9-10 29 2.4 3500 976*, 600 5.5 730-740 4-5 9-10 35 2.4 3500 752*, 450 5.5 730-740 4-5 9-10 42 2.4 3000 644*, 350 5.5 730-740 4-5 9-10 52 2.4 2900 353*, 325 5.5 730-740 4-5 9-10 62 2.4 2900 260 5.5 730-740 4-5 9-10 75 ^(#)Dragger Tube *FTIR

TABLE 3 Trial No. 99 WATER WASH Change in Pressure [NH3]g [NH3]g Liquid Gas Water (delta P) Run CO2 inlet^(#) outlet^(#) Flow Flow Temp Water Wash Time v/v % ppmv ppmv lpm acfm (C.) inch-water min 2.4 2200 766*, 400 3.7 730-735 2-3 9-10 10 2.4 2200 400*, 400 4.0 730-735 2 9-10 18 2.4 2000 355*, 300 4.0 730-735 2 9-10 27 2.4 1950 400*, 350 1.8 730-735 1 9-10 45 2.4 1900 423*, 400 1.8 730-735 1 9-10 50 2.4 1850 440*, 400 1.8 730-735 1 9-10 59 2.4 1800 450*, 400 1.8 730-735 1 9-10 69 2.4 1750 235*, 210 3.7 730-735 2-3 9-10 81 2.4 1650 220*, 220 3.7 730-735 2-3 9-10 89 2.4 1600 100* 6.6 730-735 3 9-10 98 2.4 1500 76*, 80 6.6 730-735 3 9-10 107 ^(#)Dragger Tube *FTIR

TABLE 4 Trial No. 100 WATER WASH [NH3]g [NH3]g Liquid Gas Water delta Run CO2 inlet^(#) outlet^(#) Flow Flow Temp P WW Time v/v % ppmv ppmv lpm acfm (C.) inch-water min 2.4 1200 198*, 160 2 750 1-2 22 2.4 1200 128 4 750 1-2 7.5 34 2.4 1200 55 6.5 750 1-2 8 47 ^(#)Dragger Tube *FTIR In tables 1-4, the ammonia inlet and ammonia outlet refer to the concentration of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream entering the wash vessel and the reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream exiting the wash vessel. The change in pressure (delta P) is the pressure drop measured across the wash vessel. “ACFM” refers to actual cubic feet per minute, which is the volumetric flow rate of the flue gas stream at the actual pressure and temperature. The “water temp” refers to the water used in the wash vessel, the “liquid flow” refers to flow rate of the water in the wash vessel and the “gas flow” refers to the flow rate of the flue gas stream through the wash vessel.

Example 2

Three trials (101, 102, and 103) are conducted to test the performance of a system utilizing a wash vessel having 2-inch (about 5.1 cm) random Jaeger packing (available from Jaeger Products Inc., Houston, Tex., United States) in the first absorption stage of a wash vessel, similar to first absorption stage 181 a in a wash vessel 180 shown in FIG. 3. The results are given in Tables 5-7.

During these runs, inlet ammonia concentration varies from between thirteen hundred and four thousand parts per million (1300-4000 ppm) at a 800-833 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm) corresponding to about 8 feet per second gas. The concentration of CO₂ in the air is 0-2.3 v/v %. The scrubbing water temperature is 3-9° C., and the water flow rates are 2, 4, and 6 lpm.

TABLE 5 Summary data from Run No. 101 WATER WASH [NH3]g [NH3]g Liquid Gas Water delta Liquid at Air CO2 inlet^(#) outlet^(#) Flow Flow Temp P WW the bottom In/out v/v % ppmv ppmv lpm acfm(scfm) (C.) inch-water ° C. ° C. 2.2 2800 700, 750* 2 692 (806) 3.5 >5 2.6 3.7/6.2 2.2 2800 225 4 714 (811) 4.9 >5 2.7 3.6/6.9 2.2 2800 98 6 714 (811) 3.0 >5 3.5 4.1/5.9 *FTIR readings ^(#)Dragger Tube readings

TABLE 6 Summary data from Run No. 102 WATER WASH [NH3]g [NH3]g Liquid Gas Water delta Liquid at Air CO2 inlet^(#) outlet^(#) Flow Flow Temp P WW the bottom In/out v/v % ppmv ppmv lpm acfm(scfm) (C.) inch-water ° C. ° C. 2.2 2000 630* 2 719 (~800) 7.7 >5 9.2  9.5/11.5 2.2 2000 285* 4 718 (829) 7.8 >5 9.2 9.7/11  2.2 2000  98* 6 714 (823) 8.1 >5 9.2 9.8/11  2.2 1400 320* 2 711 (~820) 3.6 >5 5.8 6.3/8.4 2.2 1300  80* 4 711 (811) 3.5 >5 2.2 1300  68* 6 711 (~820) 3.5 >5 5.5 5.8/7.4 0 1350 400* 4 704 (802) 4.1 >5 5.1 5.5/7.0 *FTIR readings ^(#)Dragger tube readings

TABLE 7 Summary data from Run No. 103 WATER WASH [NH3]g [NH3]g Liquid Gas Water delta Liquid at Air CO2 inlet^(#) outlet^(#) Flow Flow Temp P WW the bottom In/out v/v % ppmv ppmv lpm acfm(scfm) (C.) inch-water ° C. ° C. 2.3 4000 1458*  2 742 (833) 5.1 >5 7.7  9.5/10.6 2.3 4000 670* 4 743 (833) 5.3 >5 7.1 8.8/9.7 2.3 4000 355* 6   740 (~830) 4.9 >5 7.1 8.5/9.8 *FTIR readings ^(#)Dragger tube readings In tables 5-7, the ammonia inlet and ammonia outlet refer to the concentration of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream entering the wash vessel and the reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream exiting the wash vessel. The change in pressure (delta P) is the pressure drop measured across the wash vessel. “ACFM” refers to actual cubic feet per minute, which is the volumetric flow rate of the flue gas stream at the actual pressure and temperature. The “water temp” refers to the water used in the wash vessel, the “liquid flow” refers to flow rate of the water in the wash vessel and the “gas flow” refers to the flow rate of the flue gas stream through the wash vessel.

Example 3

Three trials (104, 105, and 106) are conducted to measure the effectiveness of wood packing as the mass transfer device in the wash vessel to remove ammonia from an ammonia-containing flue gas stream containing 600 to 3500 ppm ammonia and 0-2.3 v/v % CO₂. The temperature of the water is 2-7° C. During most of these tests, the gas flow rate is kept in the range 730 to 750 scfm, and the outlet ammonia concentration is measured under varying water flow rates (2, 4, 6 lpm). Summary of the results are given in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Summary data from Trials 104, 105 and 106 WATER WASH [NH3]g [NH3]g Liquid Gas Water delta Liquid at Air CO2 inlet^(#) outlet^(#) Flow Flow Temp P WW the bottom In/out v/v % ppmv ppmv lpm acfm(scfm) (C.) inch-water ° C. ° C. Run No. 104 0  600  425* 2 700 (~730) 4.9 1.7 4.4 4.0/7.4 0  600  280* 4 700 (~730) 3.3 2.2 4.0 4.0/6.1 0  600  180* 6 699 (~730) 3.3 2.3 4.3 4.1/5.9 0 1500 1000* 2 699 (~730) 3.9 1.8 4.4 4.3/6.4 0 1500  650* 4 699 (~730) 3.4 — 4.1 3.9/5.8 0 1500  400* 6 699 (~730) 2.8 2.4 4.2 5.0/6.0 0 3500 1900* 2 699 (~730) 2.5-3.5 2.1 — — 0 3500 1450  4 699 (~730) 2.5-3.5 2.3 — — 0 3500 988 6 699 (~730) 2.5-3.5 2.4 — — 2.3 3000 1250  2 720 (~754) 4.3 1.9 5.9 6.5/8.1 2.3 3000 520 4 720 (~754) 4.0-4.5 — — — 2.3 3000 480 6 720 (~754) 4.0-4.5 — — — 0 3000 1255  6 720 (~754) 4.0-4.5 — — — 2.3 3000 1067  2 720 (~754) 4.0-4.5 2.3 — — 2.3 3000 609 4 720 (~754) 4.0-4.5 2.4 — — 2.3 3000 440 6 720 (~754) 4.0-4.5 2.6 — — 2.3 1400 500 2 720 (~754) 4.0-4.5 2.3 — — 2.3 1400 317 4 720 (~754) 4.0-4.5 — — — 2.3 1400 160 6 720 (~754) 4.0-4.5 — — — Run No. 105 2.2 2000  850* 2 716 (745)   6.5 2.0 8     7/11.9 2.2 2000  850* 2 716 (745)   — — — — 2.2 2000  723* 2 716 (745)   4.3 — 5.2 5.6/7.7 2.2 2100  840* 2 716 (745)   — — — — 2.2 2000  723* 2 716 (745)   — — — — 2.2 2000 715 2 716 (745)   — — — — 2.2 2000 475 4 716 (745)   — — — — 2.2 2000 280 6 716 (745)   — — — — 2.2 2000 619 2 715 (745)   — — — — 2.2 2000 564 2 606 (617)   — — — — 2.2 2000 347 2 423 (427)   — — — — 2.2 1700 655 2 702 (732)   — — — — Run No. 106 2.2  500*  200* 2 716 (745)   3.5 2.3 5.6 5.9/9.1 2.2  500*  55* 6 716 (745)   3.7 2.7 5.6 6.2/7.1 *FTIR readings ^(#)Dragger tube readings In table 8, the ammonia inlet and ammonia outlet refer to the concentration of ammonia in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream entering the wash vessel and the reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream exiting the wash vessel. The change in pressure (delta P) is the pressure drop measured across the wash vessel. “ACFM” refers to actual cubic feet per minute, which is the volumetric flow rate of the flue gas stream at the actual pressure and temperature. The “water temp” refers to the water used in the wash vessel, the “liquid flow” refers to flow rate of the water in the wash vessel and the “gas flow” refers to the flow rate of the flue gas stream through the wash vessel.

The terms “first,” “second,” and the like, herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. The terms “a” and “an” herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.

While the invention has been described with reference to various exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A system for reducing an amount of ammonia in a flue gas stream, the system comprising: a wash vessel for receiving an ammonia-containing flue gas stream, the wash vessel including a first absorption stage and a second absorption stage, each of the first absorption stage and the second absorption stage having a mass transfer device; and a liquid introduced to the wash vessel, the liquid for absorbing ammonia from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream thereby forming an ammonia-rich liquid and a reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream exiting the wash vessel.
 2. A system according to claim 1, wherein the mass transfer device in at least one of the first absorption stage or the second absorption stage is structural packing material.
 3. A system according to claim 1, wherein the mass transfer device in at least one of the first absorption stage or the second absorption stage is random packing material.
 4. A system according to claim 1, wherein the mass transfer device in the first absorption stage is random packing material and the mass transfer device in the second absorption stage is structural packing material.
 5. A system according to claim 1, wherein each of the first absorption stage and the second absorption stage comprises: a spray head system directing the liquid in a direction along a length of the wash vessel countercurrent to a direction of the ammonia-containing flue gas stream along the length of the wash vessel.
 6. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a stripping column for receiving the ammonia-rich liquid and regenerating the ammonia-rich liquid to form the liquid for absorbing ammonia from the ammonia-containing flue gas.
 7. A system according to claim 6, wherein the liquid is introduced to the wash vessel in the first absorption stage.
 8. A system according to claim 7 wherein the liquid travels a length of the wash vessel from the first absorption stage to the second absorption stage.
 9. A system for reducing an amount of ammonia in a flue gas stream, the system comprising: an absorbing system having one or more absorbers to absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂) from a cooled flue gas stream having a temperature below ambient temperature, the absorbing system operates at a temperature between 0° and 20° Celsius, wherein at least a portion of the CO₂ is absorbed by an ammoniated solution or slurry thereby producing an ammonia-containing flue gas stream; and a wash vessel configured to receive at least a portion of the ammonia-containing flue gas stream, the wash vessel includes one or more absorption stages, each of the one or more absorption stages having a spray head system and a mass transfer device selected from random packing material, hydrophilic packing material, and structural packing, wherein the spray head system directs a liquid in a direction countercurrent to a direction of the ammonia-containing flue gas stream, the liquid absorbing ammonia from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream and thereby forming an ammonia-rich liquid and a reduced-ammonia flue gas stream, whereby at least a portion of ammonia present in the ammonia-containing flue gas stream is removed from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream in the one or more absorption stages of the wash vessel.
 10. A system according to claim 9, wherein the wash vessel comprises: a first absorption stage having random packing material as the mass transfer device; and a second absorption stage having structural packing as the mass transfer device, wherein the fluid passes through the first absorption stage prior to passing to the second absorption stage.
 11. A system according to claim 9 further comprising a stripping column for receiving the ammonia-rich liquid and regenerating the ammonia-rich liquid to form the liquid for absorbing ammonia from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream.
 12. A method of reducing an amount of ammonia from a flue gas stream, the method comprising: introducing a cooled flue gas stream having a temperature below ambient temperature to an absorbing system, wherein the absorbing system operates at a temperature between 0° and 20° Celsius; contacting the cooled flue gas stream in the absorbing system with an ammoniated slurry or solution, wherein the ammoniated slurry or solution removes carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the cooled flue gas stream thereby forming an ammonia-containing flue gas stream; and introducing at least a portion of the ammonia-containing flue gas stream to a wash vessel, the wash vessel having one or more absorption stages to absorb ammonia from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream thereby reducing an amount of ammonia in a flue gas stream exiting the wash vessel.
 13. A method according to claim 12, further comprising introducing a liquid to each of the one or more absorption stages of the wash vessel.
 14. A method according to claim 13, further comprising contacting the liquid with the ammonia-containing flue gas stream, thereby absorbing the ammonia from the ammonia-containing flue gas stream and forming an ammonia-rich liquid and a reduced ammonia containing flue gas stream.
 15. A method according to claim 14, further comprising introducing at least a portion of the ammonia-rich liquid to a stripping column.
 16. A method according to claim 13 wherein the liquid is water.
 17. A method according to claim 13, comprising introducing the liquid to each of the one or more absorption stages of the wash vessel through a spray head system, wherein the spray head system is positioned above a mass transfer device.
 18. A method according to claim 17, further comprising passing the liquid through the mass transfer device, wherein the mass transfer device comprises a hydrophilic packing material.
 19. A method according to claim 17, further comprising passing the liquid through the mass transfer device, wherein the mass transfer device comprises structural packing.
 20. A method according to claim 17, further comprising passing the liquid through the mass transfer device, wherein the mass transfer device comprises random packing material. 